اقتصاد همتا به همتا یک مدل توزیع‌شده است که دو فرد حقیقی، بدون وجود یک واحد حقوقی یا شرکت تجاری به خرید یا فروش اقلام یا خدمات مستقیما از یکدیگر یا تولید اقلام یا خدمات با همدیگر اقدام می‌کنند. در تراکنش‌های همتا به همتا یا فرد به فرد فروشنده و خریدار بطور مستقیم در تحویل کالا یا خدمات و تبادل مالی آن تعامل دارند. در اقتصاد همتا به همتا تولید کننده معمولا یک فرد حقیقی یا یک پیمانکار مستقل است که هم مالک ابزارهای تولید خود و هم مالک محصول نهایی‌اش است.
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نکات کلیدی
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شناخت یک اقتصاد همتا به همتا
اقتصاد همتا به همتا به عنوان جایگزینی به جای نظام سرمایه‌داری سنتی تلقی می‌شود، همان جایی که شرکت‌های تجاری سازمان‌یافته مالک ابزار تولید و محصول نهایی هستند. سازمان‌ها به عنوان واسطه‌های مرکزی عمل می‌کنند، اقلام و خدمات را به مصرف‌کنندگان می‌فروشند و هر مقدار نیروی کاری که برای فرایند تولید نیازدارند استخدام می‌کنند.
اقتصاد همتا به همتا می‌تواند درون اقتصاد سرمایه‌داری وجود داشته باشد همان طور که نرم‌افزارهای متن باز با نرم افزارهای خرده و تجاری هر دو وجود دارند. خدماتی مثل اسنپ و زودروم خدمات جایگزین تاکسی و هتل‌ها و مهمانسراها ارائه می‌دهند. این شرکت‌ها پلی برای ادغام شرکت‌های سرمایه‌سالار سنتی و فعالیت همتا به همتا هستند که خدمات واسطه‌ای مثل شبکه ارتباط بین خریداران و فروشندگان و خدمات پرداخت ارائه می‌دهند اما در نهایت پیمانکاران خصوصی مستقیما خدمات را به مصرف‌کنندگان عرضه می‌کنند.
در همتا به همتا چون هیچ شخص ثالثی در تراکنش حضور ندارد مخاطره بیشتری هست که تامین‌کننده تحویل ندهد یا محصول با کیفیتی که انتظارش می‌رود نباشد یا خریدار پرداختی نداشته باشد. کاهش هزینه سربار و نتیجتا کاهش قیمت‌ها شاید این مخاطره اضافی را حل و فصل کند.
از این جهت که تامین‌کنندگان اقلام و خدمات مالک محصول نهایی و وسایل تولید هستند، اقتصاد همتا به همتا به تولید اقتصادی عصر قبل از صنعت شبیه -که هر کسی یک تولیدکننده برای استفاده خودش بود- است. آن سیستم با نظام اقتصادی کاراتر که تولید و سود بیشتری را تامین می‌کند جایگزین شد. اینترنت و انقلاب فناوری اطلاعات اقتصاد همتا به همتا را در عصر جدید یک سیستم قابل اعتمادتری کرده است و موجب شده تا ارائه دهندگان خدماتی پدید بیایند که هرچند مستقیما در تولید خدمات و اقلام نقش ندارند اما تراکنش‌های همتا به همتا را شفاف‌تر، امن تر و کاراتر می‌کنند.
وضعیت نوین اقتصاد در حال ظهور همتا به همتا تنها یکی از مصادیق ارزشی است که اینترنت برای مصرف‌کنندگان دارد. مدل سرمایه‌سالاری در حال ظهور خودتولیدی مبتنی بر اینترنت اکنون به قدری قابل توجه است که رگولاتورها و شرکت‌ها را بیدار کند. این یک نشانه از پتانسیل مدل‌های تجاری خلاقانه در چند سال آتی است.
Capitalist Economy and P2P Economy
Several factors influence the advantages of organizing economic activity into capitalist firms versus P2P economy. In capitalism, workers often do not own the means of production, nor do they have any rights to the finished product they have helped make. Instead, they are paid wages in return for their contribution to the firm's output, which then sells the product to customers. A capitalist system based on third party firms has advantages over a P2P economy in the form of generally increased productivity and efficiency of the production process due to economies of scale, management of the transaction costs of coordinating the activities of buyers and sellers, specialization and division of labor with respect to managerial ability and entrepreneurial judgment, and the transfer of risk and uncertainty from workers and customers onto business owners, who have greater resources to absorb potential losses.
These can represent advantages over a P2P system. A P2P system will be less efficient than traditional capitalist firms to the extent that it restricts production to less efficient scale; incurs higher informational or other transaction costs; limits the division of labor between business managers, entrepreneurs, workers, and customers; or limits the efficient distribution of risk and uncertainty. This extent is based on the physical technology, social institutions, and characteristics of the population in an economy.
Economies of Scale
The production of some goods and services is more efficient and less costly when they can be produced in large quantities. Firms in a capitalist economy exist partly to consolidate the capital goods and labor needed to produce at large scale into a single location or operation in order to take advantage of these economies of scale. Some modern technologies, such as 3D printing, increase the efficiency of producing certain goods at smaller scales, facilitating the adoption of P2P activity in those markets.
Transaction Costs
The organization of traditional capitalist firms is largely determined by the transactions costs of the various transactions involved in a given production process. Gathering, sharing, and transmitting information about quality, quantity, and the cost of goods, services, and productive inputs; designing, negotiating, and enforcing contracts; and distributing the control of relationship-specific assets are examples of transactions costs that can be reduced by arranging the activities of individuals in an economy into distinct business firms. Where technology, social institutions, or population characteristics can help reduce these kind of transactions costs, business firms may be less needed and individuals can efficiently transacted business on a P2P basis.
Information technology, such as search engines and online marketplace platforms that make it easier for people to gather, share, and filter data about other buyers and sellers, is one obvious avenue for facilitating P2P activity, while formal institutions, such as a reliable system of contract and tort law that increases the ability of individuals to make and enforce business contracts or antitrust statutes that limit the ability of large firms to exercise market power to demand concessions from smaller counterparties, are another. A population of buyers and sellers with a higher social preference for trust and fairness may also be less reliant on organizing business firms to overcome transaction costs associated with information asymmetries, principal-agent problems, and hold-up over relationship-specific assets.
Specialization and Division of Labor
Business firms that act as economic intermediaries economize on the use of managerial skill and entrepreneurial judgement. They allow those who have these abilities to specialize in applying them productively and those who do not have them to specialize in other activities as wage- or salary-paid employees. A P2P economy can be more successful where there are technological tools that make it easier for individuals to manage their own business and workload and to reduce the comparative advantage of specializing. A population of individuals who, for whatever reason, happen to have a better degree of management skill or entrepreneurial judgement may be more suited to benefit form a P2P economy.
Risk and Uncertainty Bearing
Future economic conditions are always uncertain and involves risk. Consumer preferences change, natural disasters occur, and economies undergo business cycles and recessions. Business firms in a traditional capitalist economy bear these risks and uncertainties by being responsible for the profit or loss of the business, while providing workers with a stable wage and consumers with a consistent product. In P2P economic activity, without a business firm acting as intermediary, individuals bear more of the direct risks of running their own business and directly suffer losses if uncertain economic conditions turn against them. Social institutions such as a universal basic income, single-payer healthcare, or other social safety nets could allow greater P2P economic activity by increasing individuals' ability to bear the risk of being in business for themselves. A population of people who are simply more tolerant of uncertainty and willing to take greater risks might also be more likely to be suited to P2P economy.
https://waldenlabs.com/peer-to-peer-economy/
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/peertopeer-p2p-economy.asp
https://www.corbettreport.com/solutions-the-peer-to-peer-economy-transcript/
